2.
  -2024
..  
 
( )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. 1857          
2.             
-
3.            
4.         
-
5.          
6.          
2.
-
7.         
8.     ,      
  -2024
..  
 
( )
:      : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. 1857          
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌 

1857           ,    
,     ,          
  
       
,     
:   -    
     
          
  ,   26  1950  ,    
 
  1857                
  1857            ,    
-  
   '    
2.
    -- 
󷊨󷊩 1: 1857     -      
1857  ,      '       , 
          
    , 1858
,      
       
   '     
           
        
                  

,      
  
󷊨󷊩 2:    
 -            
        ,      :
  , 1861
             
      -    
  
            , 
   
  , 1892
      
             
 
,  '             

    '       ,      

2.
󷊨󷊩 3: 20
   -  
1900     ,        1885   
 ,              
  , 1909 (- )
           
"  "     :     ,
        
    ,       
󷊨󷊩 4: - 
-       ,         
 ,      
  , 1919 (- )
   ' -     
      : "" (  ) 
"" (     )
           
      ,     -    
,   , 
      
󷊨󷊩 5:  
  (1927)      ,       
 
       ,       
 
  , 1935
         
        (       
)
    :       
 
   -      
2.
      ,        
           1935     ,  
,    ,     ,    
  
󷊨󷊩 6:   -  
   ,              
(1942)        ,        
  
  
   (1946)
           
 ,       
 ,        1946      
    
  , 1947
     
     
          
󷊨󷊩 7:    
  ,              
   . ..       
 , 26  1949 ,    26  1950 ,   ,
      , ,  ,    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    (1857  1950)
1. 1857      ,     
2. 1861  1892       
3. 1909   ,  
2.
4. 1919 - ,      
5. 1935     ,   
6. 1946   
7. 1947         
8. 1950  
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌
1857                 1857 
                ,
    1935      ,    ,  
1950             
 ,  
    ,          
   
 -    , ,      
              
 ,     
2.             
:         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
15  1947           ,    
    : "    ',     ,   
   "
           
   
     -      ,     
               ,
  ,      
               , 
                 

󹺢    
2.
      : "
,   ..."     
        
1. 
      '     
       
 
 1947     ,         

            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       
2. 
""  42
 (1976)    ,    
            
  
(      ),    
         
            
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :    
,      
3.  
42     ,  ,        
             

     ,        
  
       ,      

 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       ,    
 
4. 
      
    ,  ,    
  ,          
      
 -      , 
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :     
2.
5. 
          ,  
 ,    ,         
   
   
  -        

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :    ,   

󷇮󷇭    
      ,      - 
             
      
1. 
        :
 : ,  -       
 
 :   ,      ,
       
 :   ,    ,  
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :   ,        

2. 
    , , ,      
  
       '   ,   ' 
          
    
 -         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :
     ,   
  


3. 
    , ,      '   
 ,         
 
       -      
,   
  
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :     '  
4. 
    ,       
           
 
    ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :
 ,  
  
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘    
    '  
,      
    "   "  
             
         
 
󽆪󽆫󽆬
             -   
 ,    ,         
           , , 
,    
    , ,      
  ,      
 -  
     

     
,             
,     
 ,      :
 =   
 =      
     ,       
 - 
    ,         , 
        
2.
-
3.            
:           |
   
         -   
          ,       ,
      ,    -       '
          - 
  ,  
 

 1947    ,      
    
                
  ,      ,         
           
 
     
            
  
,            
   
     ,    '   
         ,       
                
   
   
"  "         :
1. -              ,
  
2. -       
;      
 ,             
  ,       
  ,    -       
  
   ,       
       III ( 12  35)        
 . ..          "  " 
2.
   
,  -         ,   
,     (   1978  44       )
1.    ( 14-18)
           
     
    ,      -    ,    , 
  
 14:         
 15: ,  , , ,      '     
 16:       
 17:  -   -      
 18: ""  ""     (    
)
    
        
,    
 
2.    ( 19-22)
, -            -    
             
 19:     :
o     
o      
o /    
o       -  
o         
o          
 20:          (   
, 
  
)
 21:         , ,
 ,          '  
 
 22:         
        
 
2.
3.    ( 23-24)
      
 ,        
 
 23:        '  
 
 24:        14      
  ' 
           
       
   
4.      ( 25-28)
      ,      -  
 
 25:       ,     
 26:      
 27:              
 28:        
        
       
 
5.     ( 29-30)
            - ,    
      
 29:    ,          
  
 30:            
   
  
             
 
2.
6.     ( 32)
  .   "    "   
? 
   ,
    '   
       ,  
       
      (   ),  (
  ), , 
,        
    
       
    

  
 ?
        
 
            
        
             
 
     
      '         
      
 ,       

    ,        - ,  

         
;      
            

     
         

,    ,       
 ,         -    
           
2.
4.         
:       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
              :  
,   ,               , 
    ,       ?     -
 
           1950    
       ,       '   
     1976 ,  , 42      , 
      
 ,       : ",    ,  
       "
󹺢    ( 51A)
 11    (   10, 11  2002    )  
 :
1.       , ,      
 
2.             
3.    ,        
4.       '   
5.        ,    -
    
6.              
7.             
8.  , ,        
9.          
10.             
11. 6  14         (86 , 2002  
)
󷊆󷊇   
1.    
2.
   
      
    -
   ,         
2.    
 ,          ,    
     
3.  
  ,        
        
4.     
  '            
 
 ,        
5.  
    '  
,          
  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 :   
       - 
     ,  
   


1.   
o              
 
o  ,         
 
     
2.    
o            
    
3.    
o        ,     
          

4. - 
2.
o    
        
,
       
 / 
1.    '    
o    ,   
    
      
 
 
o       
 
2.   
o        , "   "   
  
   ?
3.    
o      42
 (1976)      , 
     
o      ,      
      
4.   
o           ,      
    
o           '  
 
5.   ' 
o    '    ,  ' 
o         
 ?  , -
       ?
󷇮󷇭 
               
     (2001) ,        
  
   ,        ,    
   
,             
 
󽆪󽆫󽆬 
, 
    ?
 ,         
    ,
       
 ,   - ,       
 
 
2.
        ,    , 
   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
1.     
o             
         
2.    
o  ,            
    
3.  
o       -      ,  
       
4.   
o            ,
  -   
󽆪󽆫󽆬
             
  
       
,        
:    ,       
:  ,    ,    
 ,            
     -
 
              

 ,      :
:42
, 1976 (   )
: 51A  11 
:- ,  
:  ;    
      ,      
 - 
       
 : "    , 
    "
2.
-
5.          
:  ,          -
      ,       -    


,   ,     
    , 
 ,    ,        
,          ,    
-- ,  
           

1.   

          
;    
-
     ,     
 ,     
                ,
     ,       
            -     
            
2.   
     ,         
        :
 ( ):    '        

 
     
 
  (  ):         
          
    
    
  :  ',      , 
  
       

 ,    
 -   -     ,    
'    
2.
3.   
           
     
       :
()  
       
      (  ,  , ) '  
 
      (  , ,   ) '  
        
  ,      '     ,   
             
  ,     ,         
       
        
()  
                 
 
          
      ,   '       

      -        
  
       
 ;     
   
(c)   
  ,  (    )      , 
       
      '          

    ,    ,        
   
   
       
(d)  
2.
     ,    '      

                  - 
     21    18      ,   
             
 
(e)  
         :
      '    
            
        
 
       
      
   
    
(f)  
       
 :
             
        -      
   
4.   
    ,          
?
   :           
 
  
:  ,      ,     
             
       
  :
    '   ,     
    
  :  
,        
 ,      
 -  ,    
  
2.
5.   
   ,         :
   -    ,        
         
 
 ()           
 ,     ,         
6. 
 ,      ,         
     
 ,    ,     ,
    ,      
 
              -       
       ,     ,   
  
        
 ,         
,  1.4   
     -     -       
6.          
:       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
            - , ,
,  -           ,    
            

,    
 ,    
 ,    
      
   
  ,  74  75 
,   "    " 
     
    ,        
 -        , ,  ,    
 
2.
󹺢  
       (       )
        ,  '    
      '     
 ,        
󷇮󷇭     
          
1.    
       
     ,     ,     , 
       
 75  ,      '     
         ,       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :      
2.      
    ,          
 '   
        
 
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :         
3.   
              (  ' )
      ,        ,   
  
      ,     ,     
 
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       
4.       
2.
  , ,         

 
          
 
 ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        
5.   
  ,       
    ' (      )   

             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        
6.     
   , 20,        '  
  
  '   ,  
 ,       
 
  ,      ,      
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       
7.  
  ( 352, 356, 360) ,         
 
       
 ,          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :  ,         
8.   
    '        
     ,     ,   
    
 
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :            
2.
9.   
  ',       : ,  , 
,  
        '    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :         
10.    
     ,       
, 
    
 ,        
      
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :            
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃      
          ,     
    

       
    
 
  '        
          

      ,     '    
            
          
  '         
󽆪󽆫󽆬
        
 -         
      ,   ,   ,  
,          
     ,           ,
   ,      
2.
 ,      :
:  ,   ,   
: , -,   ,  , 
, 
: ,  ,   
      ,       
 - 
      ,    
     
   
-
7.         
:   
           ',    
 
  - ,  ,  , ,  ,     
                -   

   ()           
    ,          ,  
     '      ,     
  ,              
         
 
  
       --   - 
     '          
 
   
       
 ,       
'  
 153:      
        ,      '
  
2.
 "   "   ,      
  '     
  ',     ""      
  , 
      '     (    )  
'               

 
  
   '          :
1.  
                '
    
     -,       
       '   
            
   
 356           
2.  
               
 
              , 
   
 
     ,        ,  
        (     
 )
 -          ( 
 
)       (    )
            ,    
     
3.  
               
 

     '    
   
            
2.
4.  
        
         ,  ,    
   
5.  
         ',      '   ,
   ,              :
             
             
 
    
         
  -     ?
   
   ',          
,           
  ' 
 :
1.   
  "   "   ,        
                  
                
        
2.     ?
 ,          '     
     -   '  ,   , 
                 
 
3.  356   
         '      
   
            
                 
  " "   
2.
4.    
           , 
        ,       ,
                
 
5.   
          
 (1988)         ,
  
,        
 (2010)           
     ,   
  
,    " "    " "?    
  ,     ,       ' 
 
   (      -) ,  
     
,            
        
 -      
                 

                  
     ,       
 ,      ,       
            ,    
            ,     
  
 ,   ',            ,
   ,            
       "  "    
2.
8.     ,      
:    : ,   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
        -        
  ,      ,   -    
     '    ,      
 
    
      ?            , 
  
 ,    ,     
  
   '    ,          
󹺢   
1. 
        
          (  )
 , , , ,        
-    (  +  ) 
       '   :
o -: 60  (, ,      ,    
 )
o   : 500 
2.  
    (MLA)   '       
        '   - 18     
      
 -     
      --- :      
 
3. 
        
     '         '  
     
2.
  ,           
4.   
     
- 25      
      
 
  
    
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :    ,        
󷇮󷇭   
      
 -         
     -      
1.  
     (  , ,  ,  )  
  (   , , , )   '  
 
     '    ,     , 
        
 
-   ,          ,  
   
          ,   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:           '   
    ,       '         
2.  
      
        ()   
       
        
 
      
 ,      
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        
3.  
      ,       '  
      ,        

2.
      ,        
   
 ,     
,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       
4.  
           
     (   )      
-   ,            

 
5.  
         (     )
        '      
6. -   
        '    
     - ,  , , ,  
 - 
 
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :             
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   
           
1.   
            
    
     
 
2.   
    ,      ,     
  
  
3.  
2.
              ,  
  
 
4.   
      ,     ' 
 
      
 
5.     
               
     
6.   
       
 ,      
   
            
󽆪󽆫󽆬 
    ,         :
 ,       
  , - -       
            
 ,     ,     
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
       '           '
  ',   
 ,    ,    , 
      
:    '     
:, , , ,  -
:  , ,   ,     
      ,      
  
  -          ,        
    
 ,      :
 =    
 =     
2.
 =  
  
 ,     
       
 - 
         ,    ,   
   
"               

       ,         "